Endocrine Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review.

ABSTRACT: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised cancer therapy by enhancing T-cell-mediated tumour eradication. However, their use is associated with immune-related adverse events, with endocrinopathies being the most common. Thyroid dysfunction, hypophysitis, primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are well-documented complications. Thyroid dysfunction typically follows a biphasic course, with transient thyrotoxicosis progressing to hypothyroidism. Hypophysitis primarily affects the anterior pituitary, often leading to isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. ICI-induced diabetes mellitus results from autoimmune β-cell destruction, frequently presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis. Primary adrenal insufficiency is rare but requires prompt

SUBMITTER: Rajan R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12410956 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jul-Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature