Integrative profiling of lung cancer biomarkers EGFR, ALK, KRAS, and PD-1 with emphasis on nanomaterials-assisted immunomodulation and targeted therapy.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis, molecular heterogeneity, and therapy resistance. Key biomarkers such as EGFR, ALK, KRAS, and PD-1 have revolutionized precision oncology; however, comprehensive structural and clinical validation of these targets is crucial to enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Methods

Protein sequences for EGFR, ALK, KRAS, and PD-1 were retrieved from UniProt and modeled using SWISS-MODEL to generate high-confidence 3D structures. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed via STRING to explore functional associations and signaling networks. Molecular docking using SwissDock evaluated the binding affinities of established inhibitors. Transcriptomic valida

SUBMITTER: Peng L 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12414981 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature