Sex hormones and 14 autoimmune diseases: The causal relationship from a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization study.

ABSTRACT: Numerous observational studies have suggested links between sex hormones and various autoimmune diseases (ADs). However, the causality of these associations remains uncertain. This study employs Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between sex hormones and ADs risk. We conducted bidirectional MR using publicly available genome-wide association study summary statistics to explore the association between 4 sex hormones (total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), and sex-hormone-binding globulin with the risk of 14 common ADs. Causality was evaluated using the inverse variance weighted, MR Egger, weighted median, and Wald ratio methods. Sensitivity analyses included Cochran Q test, the MR Egger intercept t

SUBMITTER: Tang R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12419445 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature