Energy and Nutrient Intake Gaps and Socioeconomic Determinants of Ultra-Processed and Less-Processed Foods Consumed in Ethiopia: Evidence from National Food Consumption Survey.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) is associated with poor diet quality and a risk for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study explores the energy contribution of NOVA foods and the nutrient gaps.

Methods

The study sourced data from the previous Ethiopian National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS). It covered 8254 households, 8254 women of reproductive age (15-45 years old), and 7272 children (6-45 months old).

Results

The most consumed UPF in children were biscuits, cookies, soft drinks, and semi-solid palm oil; while cow and human milk, whole wheat bread, a range of legumes, tubers, and cereal-based foods were among NOVA1. In both children and women, the largest dietary energy intake was from NOVA1 (74.6% and 79.0%), processed culinary ingredie

SUBMITTER: Balcha KH 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12430034 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature