The association of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective observational research study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are two prevalent diabetic complications significantly influencing global health and quality of life. However, little is known about their relationship in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between DR and DKD through a prospective observational research study.

Patients and methods

T2DM patients were recruited from November 2020 to November 2022. A total of 223 T2DM patients were finally enrolled. Additionally, 50 healthy examinees were included as the control group. Diagnostic and staging criteria for DR are based on previously established standards. DKD was assessed using serum levels of cystatin C (CysC), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), a

SUBMITTER: Wu Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12433849 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature