Transforming growth factor-β superfamily members as potential biomarkers for adolescent major depressive disorder.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Growing evidence implicates the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily in neurodevelopment and immunoregulatory processes, with several members associated with depression in adults. However, the relationship between specific TGF-β superfamily members and adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate whether specific TGF-β superfamily members could serve as biomarkers for adolescent MDD.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 180 adolescents were enrolled,including individuals diagnosed with MDD and healthy controls (HC). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1),growth differentiation fa

SUBMITTER: Wang X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12433968 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature