Synergistic effects of beneficial microbial inoculants and SMS-amendments on improving soil properties and Pinus seedling growth in degraded soils.

ABSTRACT: Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a promising organic amendment for remediating degraded soils, yet its effectiveness is often limited by poor compost maturity and stability. This study aimed to enhance the quality and functionality of SMS compost through microbial inoculation and to evaluate its impact on soil improvement and plant growth. Three plant growth-promoting strains [Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Azotobacter chroococcum (A. chroococcum), and Paenibacillus mucilaginosus (P. mucilaginosus)] and their combination as a mixed microbial inoculant (MMI) were used in composting. Subsequent pot experiments assessed changes in soil physicochemical properties, nutrient levels, microbial diversity, and the growth of Pinus sylvestris seedlings. Results showed t

SUBMITTER: Bo X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12434066 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature