The Associations of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Coffee Consumption with Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Disease Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

ABSTRACT:

Background/aims

Gastrointestinal diseases present a significant global health challenge and greatly impact healthcare expenditures. Despite alcohol, tobacco, and coffee being universally recognized risk factors for various gastrointestinal disorders, the exact causal linkages have not been clarified because of the predominance of observational studies on this topic. Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to explore to what extent alcohol, tobacco, and coffee increase the risk of developing 13 upper and lower gastrointestinal diseases.

Methods

Genetic data from large genome-wide association studies including GSCAN, FinnGen, UK Biobank, IIBDGC, GERA, and other consortia were used for both univariable and multivariable MR analyses. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were used as in

SUBMITTER: Xue F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12436049 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature