NOD-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and targeting for aquaculture vaccine adjuvants.

ABSTRACT: Teleost fish possess a highly diverse innate immune system, which is well-adapted to the pathogen-rich aquatic environment in which they reside. NOD-like receptors (NLRs), a conserved family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, are at the center of this defense mechanism, activating immune responses, recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we present an integrative overview of the current state of fish NLRs in terms of their evolutionary diversification, structural framework, signaling pathways, and functional roles in the context of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. We discuss six principal NLRs: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1), NOD2, NLRC3, NLRC5, NLR family me

SUBMITTER: Swain B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12436146 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature