Resolving the Sodiation Process in Hard Carbon Anodes with Nanostructure Specific X-Ray Imaging.

ABSTRACT: Hard carbons show significant promise as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. However, monitoring the sodiation process in the hard carbon electrode during cycling and understanding the sodiation mechanism remain challenging. This article reports on operando 2D scanning small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) and ex situ 3D SAXS tomography of hard carbon electrodes during the sodiation process. Structural changes are monitored with spatial and temporal resolution during the electrochemical process and shows that sodiation through micropore filling is the more dominating mechanism in the later stages of sodiation, i.e. in the plateau region of the voltage profile, while intercalation occurs continuously. Spatial inhomogeneities are resolved over the electrode and reveal an incre

SUBMITTER: Olsson M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12442671 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature