Systemic Availability of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Infants and Adults: A Narrative Review.

ABSTRACT: Human milk contains many components with physiological effects beyond basic nutrition, including large quantities of structurally diverse oligosaccharides. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been linked to health outcomes through microbiome-dependent and microbiome-independent mechanisms. To investigate the microbiome-independent effects of individual HMOs and their role in human health, it is necessary to understand their systemic availability. This narrative review focuses on the systemic availability of HMOs and summarizes studies that investigated the presence of HMOs in blood and urine following oral intake in humans. We searched PubMed using the following terms individually or in combination: human milk oligosaccharides, HMO, 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose

SUBMITTER: Schenk S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12444163 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature