Green Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon from Wood Apple Shell for Enhanced Electrochemical Energy Storage.

ABSTRACT: In alignment with the recent sustainable development goals aimed at improving human life on Earth and minimizing carbon footprints, the utilization of natural and renewable resources for energy production presents a sustainable and forward-thinking approach to future energy needs. In this context, we report a biomass-waste-derived synthesis route for developing energy storage materials that support sustainable energy solutions. Specifically, wood apple shell (WAS), an underutilized agro-waste material, was employed as a sustainable carbon precursor for the fabrication of activated carbon electrodes suitable for electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Through chemical activation using sulfuric acid, a highly porous carbon structure was obtained. XRD analysis revealed broad (002) diffraction peaks, characteristic of an amorphous carbon framework. BET surface area analysis confirmed a high specific surface area of 590.65 m²/g, which enhances ion transport and accessibility within the electrode material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis further indicated the presence of abundant oxygen-containing surface functional groups (such as CO and C-O), which are known to improve electrolyte wettability and facilitate efficient charge storage. Electrochemical performance was evaluated in KOH electrolytes with concentrations of 2, 4, and 6 M. Among these, the electrode demonstrated optimal performance in 4 M KOH, delivering a high energy density of 29 Wh/kg and a power density of 5512 W/kg. Furthermore, the electrode showed excellent cycling stability, retaining more than 96.8% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. To demonstrate the practical applicability of the fabricated device, we successfully powered a green LED, showcasing its real-world energy storage potential. These findings underscore the promise of WAS-derived activated carbon as a low-cost, eco-friendly electrode material for low-power electronic applications and next-generation sustainable energy storage technologies.

SUBMITTER: Suganya M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12444587 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature