Enhanced Cancer Radiosensitization via Energy Transfer from Eu-Doped GdF₃ Nanoparticles to Methylene Blue in X-ray Photodynamic Therapy.

ABSTRACT: We synthesized europium-doped gadolinium fluoride (GdF₃:Eu) scintillating nanoparticles conjugated to methylene blue (MB) for singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation in X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy (X-PDT). The impact of MB conjugation on GdF₃:Eu nanoparticles (GdF@B) was analyzed, including size, polydispersity, and surface charge. Time-resolved photoluminescence analysis demonstrated that binding of MB to the nanoparticle surface is essential for enabling efficient resonant energy transfer (ET) from the GdF₃:Eu core to the MB molecules. ET efficiencies ≥97% were obtained. ¹O₂ production exhibited energy- and dose-dependent behavior under varying radiation conditions. MTT assays demonstrated relative toxicity to LL

SUBMITTER: Isikawa MM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12447382 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature