Serotype replacement and mobile genetic elements in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>: a systematic review.

ABSTRACT: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes otitis media and severe diseases including pneumonia, meningitis and bacteraemia. The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in S. pneumoniae, facilitated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), complicates infection treatment. While pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) deployment has reduced disease burden, non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) have increased and now cause invasive disease. Although PCV reduced the overall AMR incidence, AMR prevalence among NVT pneumococci has increased, creating dual challenges of MGE-driven AMR spread and serotype replacement. In this review, we analysed geographical patterns of serotype replacement and the role of MGE-driven AMR in S. pneumoniae using predefined search terms related to pneumococcus, MGEs and sero

SUBMITTER: Sunmonu GT 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12452179 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature