Quantitative Analysis of Male Versus Female Frontal Bone and Orbital Skeletal Morphology.

ABSTRACT:

Background

As the field of facial feminization surgery expands, plastic surgeons have increasingly sought to better understand differences in skeletal morphology between men and women. This study investigated sex-based differences in the frontal bone and orbital regions by quantitatively describing morphological variability in an adult cisgender population.

Methods

We reviewed healthy adults who underwent head computerized tomography imaging before orthognathic surgery. Standardized sets of 501 digital landmarks were used to capture surface morphometrics of the forehead, supraorbital ridges, and orbital rims. All landmarked crania were aligned using Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Principal component analysis evaluated the contribution of sex to the overall variance in coor

SUBMITTER: Wu M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12459598 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature