Sports utility vehicles and older pedestrians.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Simms C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1246062 | biostudies-literature | 2005 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Sports utility vehicles and older pedestrians.
Simms Ciaran C O'Neill Desmond D
BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 20051001 7520
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Project description:While traffic signals, signs, and road markings provide explicit guidelines for those operating in and around the roadways, some decisions, such as determinations of "who will go first," are made by implicit negotiations between road users. In such situations, pedestrians are today often dependent on cues in drivers' behavior such as eye contact, postures, and gestures. With the introduction of more automated functions and the transfer of control from the driver to the vehicle, pedestrians cannot rely on such non-verbal cues anymore. To study how the interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles (AVs) might look like in the future, and how this might be affected if AVs were to communicate their intent to pedestrians, we designed an external vehicle interface called automated vehicle interaction principle (AVIP) that communicates vehicles' mode and intent to pedestrians. The interaction was explored in two experiments using a Wizard of Oz approach to simulate automated driving. The first experiment was carried out at a zebra crossing and involved nine pedestrians. While it focused mainly on assessing the usability of the interface, it also revealed initial indications related to pedestrians' emotions and perceived safety when encountering an AV with/without the interface. The second experiment was carried out in a parking lot and involved 24 pedestrians, which enabled a more detailed assessment of pedestrians' perceived safety when encountering an AV, both with and without the interface. For comparison purposes, these pedestrians also encountered a conventional vehicle. After a short training course, the interface was deemed easy for the pedestrians to interpret. The pedestrians stated that they felt significantly less safe when they encountered the AV without the interface, compared to the conventional vehicle and the AV with the interface. This suggests that the interface could contribute to a positive experience and improved perceived safety in pedestrian encounters with AVs - something that might be important for general acceptance of AVs. As such, this topic should be further investigated in future studies involving a larger sample and more dynamic conditions.
| S-EPMC6090516 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Recent evidence suggests that the assumed conflict-avoidant programming of autonomous vehicles will incentivize pedestrians to bully them. However, this frequent argument disregards the embedded nature of social interaction. Rule violations are socially sanctioned by different forms of social control, which could moderate the rational incentive to abuse risk-avoidant vehicles. Drawing on a gamified virtual reality (VR) experiment (n = 36) of urban traffic scenarios, we tested how vehicle type, different forms of social control, and monetary benefit of rule violations affect pedestrians' decision to jaywalk. In a second step, we also tested whether differences in those effects exist when controlling for the risk of crashes in conventional vehicles. We find that individuals do indeed jaywalk more frequently when faced with an automated vehicle (AV), and this effect largely depends on the associated risk and not their automated nature. We further show that social control, especially in the form of formal traffic rules and norm enforcement, can reduce jaywalking behavior for any vehicle. Our study sheds light on the interaction dynamics between humans and AVs and how this is influenced by different forms of social control. It also contributes to the small gamification literature in this human-computer interaction.
| S-EPMC9304697 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionAutomated vehicles need to gain the trust of all road users in order to be accepted. To make technology trustworthy, automated vehicles must transmit crucial information to pedestrians through a human-machine interface, allowing pedestrians to accurately predict and act on their next behavior. However, the unsolved core issue in the field of vehicle automation is to know how to successfully communicate with pedestrians in a way that is efficient, comfortable, and easy to understand. This study investigated the impact of three human-machine interfaces specifically designed for pedestrians' trust during the street crossing in front of an automated vehicle. The interfaces used different communication channels to interact with pedestrians, i.e., through a new road infrastructure, an external human-machine interface with anthropomorphism, or with conventional road signaling.MethodsMentally projected in standard and non-standard use cases of human-machine interfaces, 731 participants reported their feelings and behavior through an online survey.ResultsResults showed that human-machine interfaces were efficient to improve trust and willingness to cross the street in front of automated vehicles. Among external human-machine interfaces, anthropomorphic features showed significant advantages in comparison with conventional road signals to induce pedestrians' trust and safer crossing behaviors. More than the external human-machine interfaces, findings highlighted the efficiency of the trust-based road infrastructure on the global street crossing experience of pedestrians with automated vehicles.DiscussionAll of these findings support trust-centered design to anticipate and build safe and satisfying human-machine interactions.
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Project description:This paper focuses on older peoples' needs as pedestrians by examining their perceptions of the outdoor environment in both bare-ground and snow/ice conditions. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used, including focus group interviews, participant observations, and questionnaires. The results show that older people consider accessibility/usability issues as very important and that the importance depends on such individual background variables as age, sex, occurrence of functional limitations, use of mobility devices, and dependence on walking as transport mode. In bare-ground conditions, physical barriers are more important for the oldest old (80+) and for older people with functional limitations or mobility devices. However, orderliness-related issues (e.g. cyclists in pedestrian areas, lighting, and litter/graffiti) are equally important regardless of the background variables. In snow/ice conditions, ice prevention is considered more important than snow removal. Snow removal on a detailed level (e.g. removal of heaps of snow on pavements and zebra crossings) is emphasised. In conclusion, it is important to study subgroups, not older people as one group, in the analysis of accessibility/usability of outdoor environments. Further, even though those accessibility issues emphasised in current Swedish governmental directives on accessibility are considered as important by older people themselves, especially among the oldest old and among those with functional limitations and mobility devices, the needs will not totally be fulfilled by current directives. For example, winter maintenance, problems with cyclists in pedestrian areas, and the need for benches are neglected.
| S-EPMC5547343 | biostudies-other
Project description:The degree of deterioration in sarcopenia parameters may be affected by a person's level of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). Our study focused on examining the PA and SB of active older adults including those with and without history of sports in youth. Forty-four participants (20 men and 24 women, mean age of total sample 76.1 ± 5.2 years) were included in analysis of PA, SB habits and sarcopenia parameters, determined by skeletal muscle index, hand-grip strength, gait speed, Timed Up and Go tests (TUG). PA and SB were recorded with accelerometers. Our primary aim was to compare participants with (AH) or without a sport history in youth (NAH), in their sarcopenia parameters and PA and SB habits. When divided participants in two groups (AH and NAH) and adjusting for age, we have detected the differences for skeletal muscle index (p = 0.007) and hand-grip strength (p = 0.004) in favor of participants who were engaged in sports in youth. We did not find any differences in PA and SB habits between the AH and NAH groups. After adjusting for age, participants with a higher number of daily steps, longer moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) bouts, a higher number of MVPA bouts in a day and higher overall MVPA engagement achieved better results in hand-grip strength and TUG. Participants with lower SB had better TUG and gait speed results. Our findings suggest that engaging in sports activities in youth can make a difference with sarcopenia parameters. Although we found no differences in PA and SB habits between participants with AH and NAH, participants with an athlete history performed better results in sarcopenia parameters.
| S-EPMC10642365 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pedestrians' slipping injuries are a very typical problem in the Nordic countries, causing varying degrees of injuries and in the worst case, long sick leaves. There is a clear seasonal variation in the number of slips. Sidewalk slipperiness and the risk of slips is a complex combination of weather, winter maintenance activities, number of walkers, and the grip between shoes and surface, as well as human behavioral and physical factors. In this study, the effect of weather on pedestrians' slipping injuries is studied. Daily weather observations are compared to the slip statistics that have been collected from commuting accident statistics in cases where the way of commuting has been walking. A total of 16 cities from Finland for 14 winters are included in this study. The results reveal that snow on the ground increases the slip risk more than three times compared to no-snow situations. Near zero temperatures and precipitation are very typical on days when slip injuries occur more than usual. However, there are also days when high amounts of slips cannot be explained with the weather. The study also shows that there are significant differences as to the number and timing of slips between different parts of the country.
| S-EPMC8910018 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study validates the relationship between community-level sports group participation and the frequency of leaving the house and transtheoretical model stages of behavior change for exercise among older individuals who did not participate in a sports group. We used cross-sectional data from the 2016 Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. The proportion of sports group participants at the community level was calculated using the data from 157,233 older individuals living in 1000 communities. We conducted a multilevel regression analysis to examine the relationship between the proportion of sports group participants and the frequency of leaving the house (1 day/week or less) and the transtheoretical model stages of behavior change for exercise. A statistically significant relationship was observed between a high prevalence of sports group participation and lower risk of homeboundness (odds ratio: 0.94) and high transtheoretical model stages (partial regression coefficient: 0.06) as estimated by 10 percentage points of participation proportion. Older individuals, even those not participating in a sports group, living in a community with a high prevalence of sports group participation are less likely to be homebound; they are highly interested and have numerous opportunities to engage in exercise.
| S-EPMC7827491 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Normal aging is associated with balance, mobility and working memory decline that increase fall risk and influence activity of daily living functions. Mounting evidence suggests that physical activity is beneficial for decreasing aging effects. Previous studies have focused on land-based physical activity. Research concerning the aquatic environment is scarce. The primary objectives of this three arm intervention pilot study were to examine the effects of an aquatic physical intervention program on balance, gait, fall risk and working memory among community-dwelling older individuals. The secondary objective was to examine the effects of an aquatic physical intervention program on safety of street-crossing among community-dwelling older individuals. METHODS:Forty-two healthy participants aged 65 or older were enrolled into one of three intervention groups: aquatic physical intervention (API) (N?=?13), on-land physical intervention (OLPI) (N?=?14) or non-physical intervention (NPI) (N?=?15). The intervention took place from 2018 until 2019 at Tel-Aviv University, Sheba medical center and Reich Center. The protocol included 30-min sessions twice a week for 12?weeks. Balance, gait and fall risk were assessed by the Tinneti test, working memory abilities were assessed by digit span and Corsi blocks tests and simulated safe streets-crossing was assessed by the hazard perception test for pedestrians. Testing and data collection was conducted at baseline, after six weeks and 12?weeks of intervention. All members of the professional team involved in evaluating participants were blind to the intervention group to which participants were allocated. RESULTS:The differences in Tinetti balance (F (2, 39)=10.03, p?<?0.01), fall risk (F (2, 39)=5.62, p0?>?.05), digit span forward (F (2, 39)=8.85, p?<?0.01) and Corsi blocks forward (F (2, 39)=3.54, p?<?0.05) and backward (F (2, 39)=6.50, p?<?0.05) scores after 12?weeks between the groups were significant. The API group showed improved scores. The differences in hazard perception test for pedestrians scores after 12?weeks of intervention between the groups were marginally significant (F (2, 39)=3.13, p?=?0.055). The API group showed improved scores. CONCLUSIONS:These findings may affect experts working with the elderly population when making decisions concerning therapeutic prevention interventions for the deficiencies of elderly patients. Older adults practicing aquatic physical activity could contribute to their increased safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov Registry NCT03510377. Date of registration: 10/31/2017.
| S-EPMC7031895 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveThe research aims to construct a mode and the pathway relationships of acquiring sports health knowledge and skills among members of older adults sports communities.MethodThe research was primarily conducted through random sampling, purposive sampling, and questionnaire surveys. A sample of 457 older adults from Luoyang City was selected as the research subjects. Exploratory analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were conducted by employing SPSS 26.0 and Amos 26.0 software(Exploratory analysis and structural equation analysis).ResultsThe study indicates that the influence of older adults sports community culture on the pursuit of sports health knowledge and skills is statistically significant (β = 0.69, P<0.001); the influence of sports community culture on the motivation to enhance sports health knowledge and skills is statistically significant (β = 0.32, P<0.001); the influence of the pursuit of sports health knowledge and skills on the motivation to enhance these knowledge and skills is statistically significant (β = 0.47, P<0.001); the influence of the motivation to enhance sports health knowledge and skills on the behavior of acquiring these knowledge and skills is statistically significant (β = 0.60, P<0.001); both the pursuit of sports health knowledge and skills and the motivation to enhance these knowledge and skills serve as mediating variables.ConclusionThe more harmonious and positive the sports community culture is, the stronger the sense of pursuing health and the motivation to acquire knowledge are among older adults. The stronger the health pursuit among older adults, the higher their motivation to enhance sports health knowledge and skills shows. Furthermore, the higher the motivation of older adults to enhance sports health knowledge and skills is, the more efficient their behavior in acquiring these knowledge and skills becomes. The motivation to enhance sports health knowledge and skills serves as a complete mediating variable in this process.
| S-EPMC11239043 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Participation in a sports group is key for the prevention of incident functional disability. Little is known about the correlates of older adults' participation in sports groups, although this could assist with the development of effective health strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify the demographic and biological, psychosocial, behavioral, social and cultural, and environmental correlates of sports group participation among Japanese older adults.Data were obtained from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation study, which was a population-based cohort of people aged ≥65 years without disability enrolled from 31 municipalities across Japan (n = 78,002). Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the associations between the factors and participation in sports groups.Non-regular participation in sports groups was associated with lower educational level, being employed, and working the longest in the agricultural/forestry/fishery industry among the demographic and biological factors and poor self-rated health and depression among the psychosocial factors. Of the behavioral factors, current smoking was negatively associated and current drinking was positively associated with regular participation in sports groups. Among the social and cultural factors, having emotional social support and participating in hobby clubs, senior citizen clubs, or volunteer groups were associated with a high prevalence of participation in sports groups. Perceptions of the presence of parks or sidewalks, good access to shops, and good accessibility to facilities were positively associated with participation in sports groups among the environmental factors.Our study suggests that the promotion of activities that could increase older adults' participation in sports groups should consider a broad range of demographic and biological, psychosocial, behavioral, social and cultural, and environmental factors. Although future longitudinal studies to elucidate the causal associations are needed, encouraging participation in community groups through social networks might be effective for participation in sports groups.
| S-EPMC4626107 | biostudies-other