Grayscale 4D Printing of Ferromagnetic Soft Materials.

ABSTRACT: Ferromagnetic 4D printing offers rapid shape deformations via external magnetic fields, enabling innovations in soft robotics, adaptive structures, and biomedical devices. However, achieving both high load-bearing capacity and large deformation requires a balance of mechanical properties, traditionally addressed by integrating rigid and soft components in multi-material systems. Such approaches increase complexity, slow down manufacturing with vat exchanges and cleaning, and limit design flexibility. Here, a ferromagnetic grayscale 4D printing strategy is introduced that combines digital light processing (DLP) grayscale 3D printing with ferromagnetic particles within a single-material system. By precisely controlling light intensity during printing, this method allows localized mechanical

SUBMITTER: Kwon H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12462557 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature