Clinical and Prognostic Impact of Hemodynamic Gain Index and Heart Hemodynamic Reserve in Heart Failure with Reduced and Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Multicenter Study.

ABSTRACT: Background/Objectives: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a well-established tool for risk stratification in patients with heart failure (HF); however, its utility is limited in routine clinical practice due to the associated cost and technical demands. The hemodynamic gain index (HGI), a non-metabolic parameter derived from systolic blood pressure and heart rate changes during exercise, has been demonstrated to play a promising role in HF populations. In this study, we aimed both to validate the prognostic value of the HGI and to evaluate a novel metric, heart hemodynamic reserve (HHR), in patients with HF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 50%. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 479 consecutive patients with HF and reduced or mildly reduced LVEF w

SUBMITTER: Fiori E 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12468042 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature