3-Hydroxy-β-ionone Suppresses Breast Cancer Progression by Inducing Apoptosis and Blocking EMT Through the TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway.

ABSTRACT: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in promoting TNBC metastasis. The natural bioactive substance 3-hydroxy-β-ionone (3-HBI), which has been studied in other cancer types, has not yet been examined in TNBC. This study investigates its potential mechanisms in TNBC cells through a combination of computational and experimental approaches, focusing on apoptosis induction and EMT inhibition. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated strong and stable binding of 3-HBI to key apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3) and EMT regulators (Smad2, Smad3). In vitro, 3-HBI significantly reduced cell viabilit

SUBMITTER: Sutana P 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12469291 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature