Copper Dysregulation in Major Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytic Evidence for a Putative Trait Marker.

ABSTRACT: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading contributor to global disability. Despite advances in neurobiological research, no reliable peripheral biomarkers are currently available for diagnosis or monitoring. Copper (Cu), an essential trace element involved in redox balance and monoamine metabolism, has been repeatedly associated with MDD, though evidence remains inconsistent. To systematically evaluate and quantify differences in serum Cu concentrations between individuals with MDD and healthy controls, and to explore potential moderators, including sex, age, and analytical methodology. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting serum Cu levels in MDD patients versus controls. Data were extracted regarding diagnostic criteria, measurement meth

SUBMITTER: Squitti R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12470547 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature