Olfactory Training for Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Combination Therapies.

ABSTRACT: Background/Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of olfactory training (OT) using standardized protocols in patients with post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. The objective was to assess whether OT, compared to no treatment, placebo, or alternative therapies, improved olfactory function as measured using validated smell tests, including UPSIT, Sniffin' Sticks (TDI score), CCCRC, and B-SIT. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid Medline was conducted through February 2025 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted on study characteristics (author, year, country, design, sample size), population details (age, sex, post-COVID-1

SUBMITTER: Asseri AA 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12470729 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature