Distinct cytokine profiles in plasma and tears highlight ophthalmologic inflammation in type 2 diabetes without retinopathy.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with chronic inflammation and systemic complications, including ophthalmologic manifestations. While blood cytokines serve as inflammatory biomarkers, their expression in tears and correlation with systemic inflammation remain unclear. This study compared cytokine profiles in plasma and tears of well-controlled type 2 diabetes patients and controls, assessing their correlation and potential as biomarkers for disease monitoring.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional study included 81 participants [40 with type 2 diabetes without retinopathy (T2DM group) and 41 controls (control group)] from primary care centers. Plasma and tear samples were analyzed using a multiplex immunoassay for 27 cytokines. Data were analyzed usin

SUBMITTER: Jimenez-Lopez R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12477169 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature