Sub-zero temperature biosolvent-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction for quantifying propranolol and carvedilol in human urine using HPLC-UV: greenness profile evaluation.

ABSTRACT: Herein, a biosolvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction method utilizing menthol as the extraction medium is proposed for the isolation and quantification of selected β-blockers (propranolol and carvedilol) in human urine. The method is based on the addition of 65 μL of molten menthol to aqueous urine samples, followed by sonication. Phase separation was achieved by centrifugation, and the menthol-rich phase was subsequently solidified using sub-zero cooling. The aqueous layer was removed via a syringe, and the solidified menthol layer was redissolved in methanol for HPLC analysis. The key experimental parameters influencing extraction performance were optimized through a two-step multivariate approach: Plackett-Burman design (PBD) for screening and face-centered central composite

SUBMITTER: Nisyriou S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12481188 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature