Impact of prolonged isoflurane or ketamine-xylazine anesthesia with or without buprenorphine and oxygen on mouse vitals and immune responses.

ABSTRACT: Anesthesia is indispensable for minimizing stress during invasive procedures. However, anesthesia can induce undesired effects on the organism and its physiological homeostasis. In experiments involving animals, these consequences may reduce animal welfare and alter experimental outcomes. Moreover, most of the studies characterizing the effects of murine anesthetic protocols on animal welfare do not explore the impact of prolonged anesthesia for procedures lasting more than 2 h. Here we investigated the effect of prolonged anesthesia on vital parameters and immune responses to vaccination, comparing isoflurane (Iso), ketamine-xylazine (KX), and KX with oxygen supplementation (KXO₂), in the presence or absence of buprenorphine (BPP). KX induced hypoxia and 100% mortality, which w

SUBMITTER: Virgilio T 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12484078 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature