Bioengineered injectable HAMA/GelMA hydrogel encapsulating exosomes loaded lycopene mitigates deoxynivalenol-induced testicular injury via apoptotic pathway modulation.

ABSTRACT: Deoxynivalenol (Dex), a widespread mycotoxin found in contaminated cereals, induces testicular dysfunction primarily through oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of apoptotic pathways. Lycopene (Lyc), a natural antioxidant, offers cytoprotective potential but is limited by poor aqueous solubility and instability. To address these limitations, we developed a bioengineered injectable hydrogel system composed of hyaluronic acid and gelatin methacrylate, both natural biopolymers, to encapsulate exosomes preloaded with lycopene (HAMA-GelMA@Exo-Lyc) for controlled, localized delivery. Comprehensive characterization demonstrated successful integration of HAMA-GelMA@Exo-Lyc hydrogel, evidenced by a shifted amide I band at 1643.67 cm⁻¹ and a uniform porous network of 50-150 μm. The modifi

SUBMITTER: Ru F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12487079 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature