Artemisia annua-derived extracellular vesicles reprogram breast tumor immune microenvironment via altering macrophage polarization and synergizing recruitment of T lymphocytes.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The immunosuppressive microenvironment and limited immune cell infiltration into the tumor bed contribute to the proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of breast cancer (BC) cells. Reprogramming the tumor immune microenvironment has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for BC, but remains challenging in clinical practice. Artemisia annua, a medicinal plant, has shown immune-enhancing and anti-tumor activities, although its potential therapeutic applications in BC remain underexplored.

Methods

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from fresh Artemisia annua using gradient centrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), Zetasizer Nano ZS90, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass

SUBMITTER: Wang Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12487325 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature