Non-acute effects of passive heating interventions on cardiometabolic risk and vascular health: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

ABSTRACT:

Backgrounds

Passive heating practices, such as hot water immersion and Finnish sauna bathing, have been associated with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in observational studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the present literature about non-acute effects of passive heating interventions on cardiometabolic and vascular health in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods and results

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to November 4, 2024. We included RCTs that assessed the effects of passive heating interventions of at least one week duration on cardiometabolic and vascular outcomes in adults. Twenty RCTs that tested interventions such as hot wate

SUBMITTER: Hamaya R 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12490526 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature