L-arginine-loaded microneedle patch enhances diabetic wound healing by regulating macrophage polarisation and mitochondrial homeostasis.

ABSTRACT: Excessive oxidative stress and dysregulated macrophage polarization-characterized by M1/M2 imbalance-drive chronic, persistent inflammation and represent key pathological mechanisms underlying impaired tissue repair in diabetic wounds; however, therapeutic strategies targeting both these processes remain limited. L-arginine (L-Arg) shows therapeutic potential through its antioxidant properties and ability to promote M1 macrophage polarization. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which L-Arg regulates mitochondrial homeostasis to exert antioxidant effects remain unclear. Moreover, its clinical translation is hindered by poor retention, inadequate tissue penetration and damage induced by hypertonicity, thereby necessitating the development of innovative delivery systems. To address these limitat

SUBMITTER: Wang H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12493038 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature