T cell subsets of urine-derived lymphocytes (UDLs) serve as an indicator of TILs and reflect immunological sex differences in bladder cancer.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Bladder cancer is unique among visceral malignancies in that urine, which can be easily obtained, has prolonged contact with bladder tumors. Urinary biomarkers offer the potential to provide insight into the host and tumor immune microenvironment to guide therapeutic strategies. We evaluated the immune cellular composition of urine (urine-derived lymphocytes (UDLs)) versus tumor (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)).

Methods

We employed high-dimensional flow cytometry analyses on immune cells from tumors (TILs), urine (UDLs), and peripheral blood (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) among patients with bladder cancer. We performed multiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF) of matched tumors to provide spatial context to our findings, comparing deep/invasive and superf

SUBMITTER: Schafer JM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12496083 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature