Impact of lead exposure on global chronic kidney disease attributable to hypertension: deaths and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2021 and projected trends for 2022-2036.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to hypertension represents a major global health challenge, with lead exposure exacerbating this burden.

Objective

This study aims to analyze the global burden of lead-attributable hypertensive CKD from 1990 to 2021 and project trends over the next 15 years.

Method

Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study were utilized, focusing on mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Trends were analyzed across 204 countries/territories, categorized into 21 GBD regions and five socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles. Detailed analyses of case numbers, age-standardized rates (ASRs), age groups, sex differences, and temporal trends were conducted. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to assess the associat

SUBMITTER: He Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12500707 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature