Intranasal delivery of hypoxia-preconditioned extracellular vesicles derived from BMSCs alleviates neuroinflammation and brain dysfunction in TBI.

ABSTRACT: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to secondary injuries, such as neuroinflammation and brain dysfunction, which is a critical challenge in clinical treatment. The use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is one of the potential strategies to treat TBI by alleviating inflammation, reducing neuronal loss, and promoting brain function recovery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by BMSCs are regarded as an ideal alternative to cell therapy. This study showed that hypoxia significantly enhanced the release of EVs from BMSCs, and hypoxia- preconditioning (H-EVs) treatment significant effects on promoting microglial M2 polarization, improving endothelial cell activity, and inhibiting the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, ultimately accelerating brain function recovery. Me

SUBMITTER: Chen L 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12506410 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature