Comparative Environmental Assessment of Three Urine Recycling Scenarios: Influence of Treatment Configurations and Life Cycle Modeling Approaches.

ABSTRACT: Urine recycling is an emerging promising approach for enhancing resource recovery and mitigating environmental impacts in sanitation systems. This study presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of a urine dehydration system implemented at three levels of decentralization: (i) toilet-level units within bathrooms; (ii) basement-level units serving multiple households; and (iii) centralized neighborhood-scale facilities using dedicated sewers for off-site processing. Each configuration is assessed using both consequential and attributional system models across five impact categories: global warming potential, acidification, freshwater and marine eutrophication, and cumulative energy demand. The basement-level system consistently shows the lowest impacts, with up to 50% lower global

SUBMITTER: Aliahmad A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12509321 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature