Cross-national statistical harmonization of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale among older adults in China, England, India, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States.

ABSTRACT:

Objectives

We examined differential item functioning (DIF) of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) items by country and statistically harmonized common cross-national factor scores for the CES-D to aid further cross-national research.

Study design and setting

Data were from Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) studies in China (N = 9639), England (N = 1262), India (N = 4048), Mexico (N = 1918), South Africa (N = 631), and the United States (N = 3321). Multiple indicators, multiple causes models were estimated to test DIF in the CES-D items by country. DIF items were defined as having an odds ratio (OR) outside the range of 0.75-1.25 in multiple indicators, multiple causes models. We evaluated DIF impact and identified salient DIF by examin

SUBMITTER: Yu X 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12509702 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature