Non-pharmacological techniques complementary to sedation administration decrease pain and anxiety during gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT:

Background

We performed a meta-analysis to assess the effect of non-pharmacological techniques, such as virtual reality (VR) and music, as adjuncts to sedation administration during gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures.

Methods

We performed a systematic review across MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register libraries of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published between 2014 and 2024, evaluating how non-pharmacological techniques affected patients' reported pain (primary outcome), and anxiety and satisfaction (secondary outcomes), during endoscopy. We performed pairwise meta-analyses and expressed the effect size on study outcomes. We assessed the quality of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

Results

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SUBMITTER: Roelandt P 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12513336 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature