Redefine tumor spheroids heterogeneity via PCA-coupled biophysical characterization.

ABSTRACT: Spheroids, a part of 3D cell culture systems, are crucial models for bridging in-vitro and in-human studies. However, achieving reliable standardization remains difficult, even when comparing spheroids of similar diameters. The challenge arises due to their cross-sectional architecture, which increases heterogeneity and affects biological outcomes. Here we present a novel solution that integrates Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) with Biophysical Characterization (PCA-BC). This approach allows for the identification and classification of variability within and across spheroid populations, offering insights into factors that contribute to heterogeneity. Additionally, it highlights the impact of different operators on spheroid development. The PCA-BC

SUBMITTER: Cristaldi DA 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12518622 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature