Emerging green steel markets surrounding the EU emissions trading system and carbon border adjustment mechanism.

ABSTRACT: The global steel industry accounts for 8-10 % of global CO₂ emissions and requires deep decarbonisation for achieving the targets set in the Paris Agreement. However, no low-emission primary steel production technology has yet been commercially feasible or deployed. Through analysing revisions and additions of European Union climate policy, we show that green hydrogen-based steelmaking in competitive locations achieves cost-competitiveness on the European market starting 2026. If the deployment of competitive low-emission steelmaking is insufficient, we show that the European steel industry loses competitiveness vis-à-vis countries with access to low-cost renewable energy. Therefore, we assess the options for the European steel industry to relocate the energy-intensive ironmakin

SUBMITTER: Johnson C 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12518805 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature