Betaine Alleviated the Ammonia-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammation in the Skin of Largemouth Bass Fed With High-Carbohydrate Diet via Inhibiting MAPK/NFκB-Myd88 Pathway.

ABSTRACT: Fish skin provides vital protection against environmental stressors and pathogens, whose health is significantly affected by dietary components. In intensive aquaculture, accumulated ammonia seriously affected fish skin structure and immune responses. In this study, largemouth bass were fed with control diet (Con), high-carbohydrate (HC) diet and HC diet supplemented with betaine (HC + Bet) for 8 weeks before ammonia exposure. The skin structure, immune responses, programmed cell death (PCD), and status of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were evaluated. Results indicated ammonia stress increased epidermal thickness and skin mucus cell numbers, while betaine supplementation recovered the HC-restricted epidermal thickness at 7 days post-stress. Ammonia stress also induced th

SUBMITTER: Jiang M 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12520811 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature