Peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are associated with brain structural atrophies in patients with anxious depression.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Anxious depression (AD), a common neurophysiological subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD), is often accompanied by immune dysregulation and volumetric alterations in brain structures. However, the intrinsic relationships between inflammatory markers and brain structural changes in AD patients remain unclear.

Methods

Participants were categorized into three groups: the AD group (n = 43), the non-anxious depression group (NAD, n = 68), and healthy controls (HC, n = 53), matched for age, sex, and education level. Serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured across the groups. All participants underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and voxel-bas

SUBMITTER: Lan Z 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12522708 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct-Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature