Geranyl Acetate Attenuates Para-phenylenediamine-induced Cytotoxicity, DNA Damage, Apoptosis, and Inflammation in HaCaT Keratinocytes.

ABSTRACT:

Background

As consumer demand for cosmetic products that enhance physical appearance continues to rise, the global oxidative hair dye market is experiencing steady growth. Para-phenylenediamine (PPD), a key ingredient in most oxidative hair dyes, is widely used due to its efficacy and low cost. However, its high chemical reactivity has been consistently linked to adverse effects, including allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), eczema, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity.

Objectives

Given the concerns over the long-term use of conventional therapies such as topical corticosteroids (TCS) and calcineurin inhibitors, this study aimed to identify a plant-derived compound with protective properties in a keratinocyte model of PPD-induced toxicity.

Methods

To assess the cytoprotec

SUBMITTER: Lee JH 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12524059 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Jan-Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature