Evaluation of Nanodiamond-in-Oil Emulsion with Snake Venom to Enhance Potent Antibody Induction in Mice and Rabbits.

ABSTRACT: Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an innovative material in biomedical applications based on their excellent biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, and high surface area. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ND-in-oil emulsion to induce potent antibody responses in animals immunized with cobra venom. NDs demonstrated the capacity to bind complex venom proteins as stable conjugates, well dispersed in aqueous solution. Immunization of mice with cobra venom incorporated with ND-in-oil emulsion adjuvant (ND/venom) elicited strong venom-specific antibody responses with titers comparable to those induced by venom formulation with conventional Freund's adjuvants (FA/venom). IgG subclass analysis revealed that ND- and FA-based formulations induced a Th2-biased immune response in mice. Moreover, anti

SUBMITTER: Lin MH 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12525691 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature