Pregnancy and Caffeine Metabolism: Updated Insights and Implications for Maternal-Fetal Health.

ABSTRACT: Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances globally and is a common component of daily diets, particularly among women of reproductive age. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated potential adverse effects of prenatal caffeine exposure, including disturbances in fetal growth, metabolic dysregulation, organ malformations, and neurodevelopmental alterations. These findings suggest that caffeine may influence multiple physiological pathways during gestation, including epigenetic modifications and metabolic programming. However, evidence from human studies remains heterogeneous and often inconclusive. Recent cohort studies and meta-analyses have reported that moderate maternal caffeine intake is not significantly associated with increased risks of gestatio

SUBMITTER: Struniewicz KM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12526311 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature