Facile Single-Nanocomposite 4D Bioprinting of Dynamic Hydrogel Constructs with Thickness-Controlled Gradient.

ABSTRACT: The advent of 4D bioprinting has fueled significant progress in tissue engineering, but it faces major challenges such as limited options of smart bioinks and complexity of designing printing paths, limiting its broader application in tissue engineering. In this study, a smart composite hydrogel is first developed by combining gelatin, gelatin methacryloyl, and MXene (MX/GG), exhibiting excellent printability and shape-morphing capabilities. A facile and robust 4D printing strategy is proposed to fabricate MX/GG hydrogels with distinct spatial crosslinking gradients by simply tuning the domain-specific pattern thickness followed by a single UV exposure. Finite element analysis is applied to effectively guide the thickness-controlled shape-morphing process, resulting in precise alignment wi

SUBMITTER: Lai J 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12533157 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature