Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of bioactive flavonoids from Anchusa italica retz.: optimization, characterization, and evaluation of antidepressant potential - targeting oxidative stress and neurotrophic pathways.

ABSTRACT: This study optimized the extraction of flavonoids from Anchusa italica Retz. using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) technology to maximize yield. A Box-Behnken design identified the optimal extraction parameters: solid-liquid ratio of 32.97, temperature of 68.74 °C, extraction time of 101 min, and ultrasonic power of 480.68 W. Flavonoid components were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro, the total flavonoid extract significantly reduced oxidative stress markers-malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and iron-and enhanced antioxidant defense markers, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in lipopolysaccharide-s

SUBMITTER: Han B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12538459 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature