Decoding the tumor immune microenvironment in lung squamous cell carcinoma: characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and future directions in immunotherapy.

ABSTRACT: Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), a predominant type of lung cancer, is marked by an unfavorable prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Unlike lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), LUSC exhibits few driver mutations, resulting in minimal benefits from targeted therapies for these patients. Despite the transformative effects of immunotherapy on patient outcomes, only a subset of patients achieving durable responses. This heterogeneity in treatment outcomes is increasingly attributed to the complex feature of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in LUSC. The TIME of LUSC is a highly dynamic ecosystem composed of diverse immune cell populations and stromal components that collectively foster an immune-evasive niche. Recent breakthroughs in multi-omics technologies, particularly single-cell R

SUBMITTER: Tong Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12541881 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature