Immune mechanisms in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder: current insights and therapeutic implications.

ABSTRACT: Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is recognized as a systemic syndrome that manifests with a range of complications including mineral dysregulation, skeletal abnormalities, and vascular calcification (VC). Recent research has increasingly pointed toward immune dysregulation as a pivotal factor in the development and progression of this disorder. The current review endeavors to consolidate the latest findings regarding how chronic inflammation, dysfunction of immune cells, and disturbances in the gut-kidney axis contribute to the progression of CKD-MBD. Central to the mechanisms at play are pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, which are found to facilitate bone resorption through the activation of the receptor a

SUBMITTER: Xu B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12546197 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature