Temporalis muscle flap in craniofacial reconstruction: anatomy, techniques, outcomes, and innovations.

ABSTRACT:

Background

The temporalis muscle flap (TMF) remains an essential reconstructive option in contemporary craniofacial reconstructive surgery (CRS) owing to its reliable vascularity, anatomical proximity to common defect areas, and substantial soft tissue volume. Despite extensive historical use, evolving surgical approaches and novel adjunctive technologies necessitate an updated comprehensive review to guide current clinical practice.

Objective

This review critically examines the TMF regarding its anatomical considerations, surgical innovations, clinical outcomes, and functional restoration capacities. Additional objectives include a detailed assessment of clinical complications, identification of existing gaps in knowledge, and evidence-based comparisons with alternative rec

SUBMITTER: Landfald IC 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12547924 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature