Trained immunity in atherosclerosis: plasticity, metabolic-vascular axis, and AI-driven precision remodeling.

ABSTRACT: Chronic inflammation linked to atherosclerosis is closely related to a trained immunoregulatory network. Traditional studies primarily focus on the pro-inflammatory memory of monocytes, they frequently neglect important aspects such as the cell's plasticity, interactions between different organs, and the dynamic regulation of the metabolism-vascular axis. This review presents four novel frameworks, including the trained immunity plasticity spectrum model. It demonstrates how monocytes maintain a dynamic balance between pro-inflammatory, tolerogenic, and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, regulated by mTOR/AMPK signaling and competitive histone modifications. The trained immunity-metabolism-vascular axis shows that metabolic disorders can change the way immune memory is formed. They achieve this

SUBMITTER: Zhao B 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12549631 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature