Crowding-out and crowding-in effects of out-of-pocket expenditures for non-communicable diseases care on household consumption patterns in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2022 household income and expenditure survey.

ABSTRACT: This study aims to analyse the crowding-out and crowding-in effects of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) related out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures on household consumption in Bangladesh.

Objective

DESIGN: This study used data from the nationally representative Bangladesh household income and expenditure survey (HIES) 2022.

Setting

Eight divisions of Bangladesh.

Participants

14 395 households.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

We examined how household consumption patterns across 20 expenditure categories were impacted by OOP health spending for NCD management, with a focus on income-level disparities.

Results

In Bangladesh, OOP health expenditures for NCDs crowded out household expenditures on essential items like food and rent. Across all house

SUBMITTER: Islam MT 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12551553 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature