3D printed flexible composite scaffold with ultrasonic-driven wireless electrical stimulation promotes neuro-vascularization for critical-size bone defects regeneration.

ABSTRACT: Regeneration of critical-size bone defects hinges on the reconstruction of neurovascular networks. The electrophysiological properties of native bone underscore the pivotal role of endogenous bioelectricity in coordinating nerve-vascular-bone regeneration. However, traditional piezoelectric scaffolds impede regenerative efficiency due to their intrinsic limitations. To tackle this, 3D printed flexible polyvinyl alcohol/whitlockite/barium titanate (PVA/WH/BaTiO₃) composite scaffolds endowed with ultrasonic-driven wireless electrical stimulation capacity were engineered. The PVA/WH composite strategy significantly enhanced the printability, flexibility, shear-thinning behavior, mechanical robustness, and bioactivity of the scaffolds, systematically addressing the intrinsic limitat

SUBMITTER: Xia Y 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12557498 | biostudies-literature | 2026 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature