Precise localization techniques for small pulmonary nodules: what is next?

ABSTRACT: With the widespread adoption of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening, the detection rate of small pulmonary nodules has surged, necessitating precise localization for minimally invasive resection. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), being the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment, faces significant challenges in localizing nodules <1 or >1.5 cm from the pleural surface, particularly ground-glass nodules, due to limited tactile feedback. This review systematically evaluates advancements in preoperative and intraoperative localization techniques, focusing on four domains: computed tomography (CT)-guided methods (e.g., liquid agents like indocyanine green, metallic markers, and robotic-assisted puncture), bronchoscopy-guided approaches [electromagnetic navigation, radial

SUBMITTER: Pan C 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12557699 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature